A storage unit carries a set of costs that have nothing to do with how big it is. It needs its own door and its own lock. It needs a light and a stretch of aisle frontage that no other unit can use. It carries a share of the gate, the cameras, the sprinklers, the insurance and the person in the office. All of that lands once per unit. None of it gets cheaper because the floor is smaller.
Spread that load across 25 square feet and it is heavy. Spread it across 300 and it is light. That single mechanism explains the whole ladder on the right, and it explains the two things people find most surprising at the counter: that a 5x10 is never double a 5x5, and that stepping up one size usually costs far less than the extra space is worth to you.
The ladder does not run forever. Above roughly 200 square feet the fixed costs have already been diluted to almost nothing, so the per-square-foot argument stops paying and a different constraint takes over: large units are the scarcest thing on most sites, and a 10x30 is priced by whether anyone else wants it that month. That is why the last two rungs are close together, and why they can swap order at a site that happens to be full.